The Lightning Network (LN) is a second layer peer-to-peer network that allows us to make Bitcoin payments "off-chain," meaning without committing them as transactions to the Bitcoin blockchain.
Building on the idea of payment channels, first proposed by Bitcoin's inventor Satoshi Nakamoto, the Lightning Network is a routed network of payment channels where payments "hop" across a path of payment channels from the sender to the recipient.
The initial idea of the Lightning Network was proposed in 2015 in the groundbreaking paper "The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments," by Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja. By 2017, there was a "test" Lightning Network running on the internet, as different groups built compatible implementations and coordinated to set some interoperability standards. In 2018, the Lightning Network went "live" and payments started flowing.
_Italic_:: Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.
+Constant width+:: Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables, statements, and keywords.
**`Constant width bold`**:: Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.
The examples are illustrated in Go, C++, Python, and using the command line of a Unix-like operating system. All code snippets are available in the GitHub repository under the _code_ subdirectory. Fork the book code, try the code examples, or submit corrections via https://github.com/lnbook/lnbook[GitHub].
All the code snippets can be replicated on most operating systems with a minimal installation of compilers, interpreters, and libraries for the corresponding languages. Where necessary, we provide basic installation instructions and step-by-step examples of the output of those instructions.
Some of the code snippets and code output have been reformatted for print. In all such cases, the lines have been split by a backslash (+\+) character, followed by a newline character. When transcribing the examples, remove those two characters and join the lines again and you should see identical results to those shown in the example.
All the code snippets use real values and calculations where possible, so that you can build from example to example and see the same results in any code you write to calculate the same values. For example, the private keys and corresponding public keys and addresses are all real.
If you have a technical question or a problem using the code examples, please send email to pass:[<a class="email" href="mailto:bookquestions@oreilly.com"><em>bookquestions@oreilly.com</em></a>].
This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code is offered with this book, you may use it in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing examples from O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.
We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, ISBN, and copyright. For example: “__Mastering the Lightning Network__ by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Olaoluwa Osuntokun, and René Pickhardt (O'Reilly). Copyright 2022 aantonop Books LLC, René Pickhardt, and uuddlrlrbas LLC, ISBN 978-1-492-05486-3."
__Mastering the Lightning Network__ is offered under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given previously, feel free to contact us at pass:[<a href="mailto:permissions@oreilly.com">permissions@oreilly.com</a>].
All references to companies and products are intended for educational, demonstration, and reference purposes. The authors do not endorse any of the companies pass:[<span class="keep-together">or products</span>] mentioned. We have not tested the operation or security of any of the products, projects, or code segments shown in this book. Use them at your own risk!
The Bitcoin addresses, transactions, keys, QR codes, and blockchain data used in this book are, for the most part, real. That means you can browse the blockchain, look at the transactions offered as examples, retrieve them with your own scripts or programs, etc.
However, note that the private keys used to construct the addresses printed in this book have been "burned." This means that if you send money to any of these addresses, the money will either be lost forever or (more likely) appropriated, since anyone who reads the book can take it using the private keys printed herein.
For more than 40 years, pass:[<a href="http://oreilly.com" class="orm:hideurl"><em class="hyperlink">O’Reilly Media</em></a>] has provided technology and business training, knowledge, and insight to help companies succeed.
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Email pass:[<a class="email" href="mailto:bookquestions@oreilly.com"><em>bookquestions@oreilly.com</em></a>] to comment or ask technical questions about this book.
Andreas would also like to thank the patrons who support his work through monthly donations. You can support Andreas on Patreon at link:$$https://patreon.com/aantonop$$[].
René would also like to thank all of the patrons who support his work through monthly donations. You can support René on Patreon at link:$$https://patreon.com/renepickhardt$$[].
Or you can support his work directly with Bitcoin (also via the Lightning Network) at link:$$https://donate.ln.rene-pickhardt.de$$[] for which René is equally thankful as for his patreons.
I owe my love of words and books to my mother, Theresa, who raised me in a house with books lining every wall. My mother also bought me my first computer in 1982, despite being a self-described technophobe. My father, Menelaos, a civil engineer who published his first book at 80 years old, was the one who taught me logical and analytical thinking and a love of science and engineering.
Thank you all for supporting me throughout this journey.
I want to thank the German education system through which I acquired the knowledge upon which my work builds. It is one of the greatest gifts I was given.
Similarly I want to thank the German public healthcare system and every person devoting their time into working within that industry. Your effort and endurance make you my personal heroes and I will never forget the help, patience, and support I received when I was in need.
Thanks goes to all the students I was allowed to teach and who engaged in interesting discussions and questions. From you I learned the most.
I am also grateful to the Bitcoin and Lightning Network community that warmly welcomed me and to the enthusiasts and private persons who financially supported and continue to support my work.
In particular I am grateful to all the open source developers (not only Bitcoin and Lightning Network) and to the people who fund them to make that technology possible.
Without the help offered by everyone listed here, this book would not have been possible. Your contributions demonstrate the power of open source and open culture, and we are eternally grateful for your help.
Some of the material in this book has been sourced from a variety of public domain sources, open license sources, or with permission. See <<sources_licenses>> for source, license, and attribution details.
