No diffs in translations

02_runtime_init/README.CN.md

@@ -19,302 +19,5 @@
 [bss]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bss
 
 ## 相比之前的变化（diff）
-```diff
 
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/Cargo.toml 02_runtime_init/Cargo.toml
---- 01_wait_forever/Cargo.toml
-+++ 02_runtime_init/Cargo.toml
-@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
- authors = ["Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>"]
- edition = "2018"
-
-+[profile.release]
-+lto = true
-+
- # The features section is used to select the target board.
- [features]
- default = []
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.S 02_runtime_init/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.S
---- 01_wait_forever/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.S
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.S
-@@ -7,5 +7,15 @@
- .global _start
-
- _start:
--1:  wfe         // Wait for event
--    b       1b  // In case an event happened, jump back to 1
-+    mrs     x1, mpidr_el1   // Read Multiprocessor Affinity Register
-+    and     x1, x1, #3      // Clear all bits except [1:0], which hold core id
-+    cbz     x1, 2f          // Jump to label 2 if we are core 0
-+1:  wfe                     // Wait for event
-+    b       1b              // In case an event happened, jump back to 1
-+2:                          // If we are here, we are core0
-+    ldr     x1, =_start     // Load address of function "_start()"
-+    mov     sp, x1          // Set start of stack to before our code, aka first
-+                            // address before "_start()"
-+    bl      runtime_init    // Jump to the "runtime_init()" kernel function
-+    b       1b              // We should never reach here. But just in case,
-+                            // park this core aswell
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu.rs 02_runtime_init/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu.rs
-@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
-+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
-+//
-+// Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-+
-+//! Architectural processor code.
-+//!
-+//! # Orientation
-+//!
-+//! Since arch modules are imported into generic modules using the path attribute, the path of this
-+//! file is:
-+//!
-+//! crate::cpu::arch_cpu
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Public Code
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// Pause execution on the core.
-+#[inline(always)]
-+pub fn wait_forever() -> ! {
-+    unsafe {
-+        loop {
-+            #[rustfmt::skip]
-+            asm!(
-+                "wfe",
-+                options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags)
-+            );
-+        }
-+    }
-+}
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi/link.ld 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/link.ld
---- 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi/link.ld
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/link.ld
-@@ -13,5 +13,27 @@
-         *(.text._start) *(.text*)
-     }
-
-+    .rodata :
-+    {
-+        *(.rodata*)
-+    }
-+
-+    .data :
-+    {
-+        *(.data*)
-+    }
-+
-+    /* Section is zeroed in u64 chunks, align start and end to 8 bytes */
-+    .bss ALIGN(8):
-+    {
-+        __bss_start = .;
-+        *(.bss*);
-+        . = ALIGN(8);
-+
-+        /* Fill for the bss == 0 case, so that __bss_start <= __bss_end_inclusive holds */
-+        . += 8;
-+        __bss_end_inclusive = . - 8;
-+    }
-+
-     /DISCARD/ : { *(.comment*) }
- }
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi/memory.rs 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/memory.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi/memory.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/memory.rs
-@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
-+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
-+//
-+// Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-+
-+//! BSP Memory Management.
-+
-+use core::{cell::UnsafeCell, ops::RangeInclusive};
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Private Definitions
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+// Symbols from the linker script.
-+extern "Rust" {
-+    static __bss_start: UnsafeCell<u64>;
-+    static __bss_end_inclusive: UnsafeCell<u64>;
-+}
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Public Code
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// Return the inclusive range spanning the .bss section.
-+///
-+/// # Safety
-+///
-+/// - Values are provided by the linker script and must be trusted as-is.
-+/// - The linker-provided addresses must be u64 aligned.
-+pub fn bss_range_inclusive() -> RangeInclusive<*mut u64> {
-+    let range;
-+    unsafe {
-+        range = RangeInclusive::new(__bss_start.get(), __bss_end_inclusive.get());
-+    }
-+    assert!(!range.is_empty());
-+
-+    range
-+}
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
-@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
-
- //! Top-level BSP file for the Raspberry Pi 3 and 4.
-
--// Coming soon.
-+pub mod memory;
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/cpu.rs 02_runtime_init/src/cpu.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/cpu.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/cpu.rs
-@@ -4,4 +4,13 @@
-
- //! Processor code.
-
-+#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-+#[path = "_arch/aarch64/cpu.rs"]
-+mod arch_cpu;
-+
- mod boot;
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Architectural Public Reexports
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+pub use arch_cpu::wait_forever;
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/main.rs 02_runtime_init/src/main.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/main.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/main.rs
-@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@
- //!
- //! 1. The kernel's entry point is the function [`cpu::boot::arch_boot::_start()`].
- //!     - It is implemented in `src/_arch/__arch_name__/cpu/boot.rs`.
-+//! 2. Once finished with architectural setup, the arch code calls [`runtime_init::runtime_init()`].
- //!
- //! [`cpu::boot::arch_boot::_start()`]: cpu/boot/arch_boot/fn._start.html
-
-@@ -112,6 +113,15 @@
-
- mod bsp;
- mod cpu;
-+mod memory;
- mod panic_wait;
-+mod runtime_init;
-
--// Kernel code coming next tutorial.
-+/// Early init code.
-+///
-+/// # Safety
-+///
-+/// - Only a single core must be active and running this function.
-+unsafe fn kernel_init() -> ! {
-+    panic!()
-+}
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/memory.rs 02_runtime_init/src/memory.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/memory.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/memory.rs
-@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
-+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
-+//
-+// Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-+
-+//! Memory Management.
-+
-+use core::ops::RangeInclusive;
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Public Code
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// Zero out an inclusive memory range.
-+///
-+/// # Safety
-+///
-+/// - `range.start` and `range.end` must be valid.
-+/// - `range.start` and `range.end` must be `T` aligned.
-+pub unsafe fn zero_volatile<T>(range: RangeInclusive<*mut T>)
-+where
-+    T: From<u8>,
-+{
-+    let mut ptr = *range.start();
-+    let end_inclusive = *range.end();
-+
-+    while ptr <= end_inclusive {
-+        core::ptr::write_volatile(ptr, T::from(0));
-+        ptr = ptr.offset(1);
-+    }
-+}
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/panic_wait.rs 02_runtime_init/src/panic_wait.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/panic_wait.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/panic_wait.rs
-@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
-
- //! A panic handler that infinitely waits.
-
-+use crate::cpu;
- use core::panic::PanicInfo;
-
- #[panic_handler]
- fn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
--    unimplemented!()
-+    cpu::wait_forever()
- }
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/runtime_init.rs 02_runtime_init/src/runtime_init.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/runtime_init.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/runtime_init.rs
-@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
-+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
-+//
-+// Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-+
-+//! Rust runtime initialization code.
-+
-+use crate::{bsp, memory};
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Private Code
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// Zero out the .bss section.
-+///
-+/// # Safety
-+///
-+/// - Must only be called pre `kernel_init()`.
-+#[inline(always)]
-+unsafe fn zero_bss() {
-+    memory::zero_volatile(bsp::memory::bss_range_inclusive());
-+}
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Public Code
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// Equivalent to `crt0` or `c0` code in C/C++ world. Clears the `bss` section, then jumps to kernel
-+/// init code.
-+///
-+/// # Safety
-+///
-+/// - Only a single core must be active and running this function.
-+#[no_mangle]
-+pub unsafe fn runtime_init() -> ! {
-+    zero_bss();
-+
-+    crate::kernel_init()
-+}
-
-```
+Please check [the english version](README.md#diff-to-previous), which is kept up-to-date.

02_runtime_init/README.ES.md

@@ -9,340 +9,29 @@
 ## Adiciones importantes
 
 * Adiciones importantes al script `link.ld`:
-  
+
   * Nuevas secciones: `.rodata`, `.got`, `.data`, `.bss`.
-  
+
   * Un lugar totalmente dedicado a enlazar argumentos de tiempo de arranque (boot-time) que necesitan estar listos cuando se llame a `_start()`.
 
 * `_start()` en `_arch/__arch_name__/cpu/boot.s`:
-  
+
   1. Para todos los núcleos expecto el núcleo 0.
-  
+
   2. Inicializa la [`DRAM`](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM) poniendo a cero la sección [`.bss`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bss).
-  
+
   3. Configura el `stack pointer` (puntero a la memoria [pila](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_(inform%C3%A1tica))).
-  
+
   4. Salta hacia la función `_start_rust()`, definida en `arch/__arch_name__/cpu/boot.rs`.
 
 * `_start_rust()`:
-  
+
   * Llama a `kernel_init()`, que llama a `panic!()`, que al final también pone al núcleo 0 en pausa.
 
 * La librería ahora usa el crate [cortex-a](https://github.com/rust-embedded/cortex-a), que nos da abstracciones sin coste y envuelve las partes que hacen uso de un `unsafe` (partes con código que no es seguro y podría causar errores) cuando se trabaja directamente con los recursos del procesador.
-  
+
   * Lo puedes ver en acción en `_arch/__arch_name__/cpu.rs`.
 
 ## Diferencia con el archivo anterior
 
-```diff
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/Cargo.toml 02_runtime_init/Cargo.toml
---- 01_wait_forever/Cargo.toml
-+++ 02_runtime_init/Cargo.toml
-@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
- [package]
- name = "mingo"
--version = "0.1.0"
-+version = "0.2.0"
- authors = ["Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>"]
- edition = "2021"
-
-@@ -21,3 +21,7 @@
- ##--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- [dependencies]
-+
-+# Platform specific dependencies
-+[target.'cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")'.dependencies]
-+cortex-a = { version = "7.x.x" }
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/Makefile 02_runtime_init/Makefile
---- 01_wait_forever/Makefile
-+++ 02_runtime_init/Makefile
-@@ -153,6 +153,8 @@
-     $(call colorecho, "\nLaunching objdump")
-     @$(DOCKER_TOOLS) $(OBJDUMP_BINARY) --disassemble --demangle \
-                 --section .text   \
-+                --section .rodata \
-+                --section .got    \
-                 $(KERNEL_ELF) | rustfilt
-
- ##------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.rs 02_runtime_init/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.rs
-@@ -13,3 +13,15 @@
-
- // Assembly counterpart to this file.
- core::arch::global_asm!(include_str!("boot.s"));
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Public Code
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// The Rust entry of the `kernel` binary.
-+///
-+/// The function is called from the assembly `_start` function.
-+#[no_mangle]
-+pub unsafe fn _start_rust() -> ! {
-+    crate::kernel_init()
-+}
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.s 02_runtime_init/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.s
---- 01_wait_forever/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.s
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu/boot.s
-@@ -3,6 +3,24 @@
- // Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-
- //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Definitions
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+// Load the address of a symbol into a register, PC-relative.
-+//
-+// The symbol must lie within +/- 4 GiB of the Program Counter.
-+//
-+// # Resources
-+//
-+// - https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs-2.36/as/AArch64_002dRelocations.html
-+.macro ADR_REL register, symbol
-+    adrp    \register, \symbol
-+    add    \register, \register, #:lo12:\symbol
-+.endm
-+
-+.equ _core_id_mask, 0b11
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- // Public Code
- //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- .section .text._start
-@@ -11,6 +29,34 @@
- // fn _start()
- //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- _start:
-+    // Only proceed on the boot core. Park it otherwise.
-+    mrs    x1, MPIDR_EL1
-+    and    x1, x1, _core_id_mask
-+    ldr    x2, BOOT_CORE_ID      // provided by bsp/__board_name__/cpu.rs
-+    cmp    x1, x2
-+    b.ne    .L_parking_loop
-+
-+    // If execution reaches here, it is the boot core.
-+
-+    // Initialize DRAM.
-+    ADR_REL    x0, __bss_start
-+    ADR_REL x1, __bss_end_exclusive
-+
-+.L_bss_init_loop:
-+    cmp    x0, x1
-+    b.eq    .L_prepare_rust
-+    stp    xzr, xzr, [x0], #16
-+    b    .L_bss_init_loop
-+
-+    // Prepare the jump to Rust code.
-+.L_prepare_rust:
-+    // Set the stack pointer.
-+    ADR_REL    x0, __boot_core_stack_end_exclusive
-+    mov    sp, x0
-+
-+    // Jump to Rust code.
-+    b    _start_rust
-+
-     // Infinitely wait for events (aka "park the core").
- .L_parking_loop:
-     wfe
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu.rs 02_runtime_init/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/_arch/aarch64/cpu.rs
-@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
-+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
-+//
-+// Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-+
-+//! Architectural processor code.
-+//!
-+//! # Orientation
-+//!
-+//! Since arch modules are imported into generic modules using the path attribute, the path of this
-+//! file is:
-+//!
-+//! crate::cpu::arch_cpu
-+
-+use cortex_a::asm;
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Public Code
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// Pause execution on the core.
-+#[inline(always)]
-+pub fn wait_forever() -> ! {
-+    loop {
-+        asm::wfe()
-+    }
-+}
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi/cpu.rs 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/cpu.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi/cpu.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/cpu.rs
-@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
-+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
-+//
-+// Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-+
-+//! BSP Processor code.
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Public Definitions
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// Used by `arch` code to find the early boot core.
-+#[no_mangle]
-+#[link_section = ".text._start_arguments"]
-+pub static BOOT_CORE_ID: u64 = 0;
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi/link.ld 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/link.ld
---- 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi/link.ld
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/link.ld
-@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
-  * Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-  */
-
-+__rpi_phys_dram_start_addr = 0;
-+
- /* The physical address at which the the kernel binary will be loaded by the Raspberry's firmware */
- __rpi_phys_binary_load_addr = 0x80000;
-
-@@ -13,21 +15,58 @@
-  *     4 == R
-  *     5 == RX
-  *     6 == RW
-+ *
-+ * Segments are marked PT_LOAD below so that the ELF file provides virtual and physical addresses.
-+ * It doesn't mean all of them need actually be loaded.
-  */
- PHDRS
- {
--    segment_code PT_LOAD FLAGS(5);
-+    segment_boot_core_stack PT_LOAD FLAGS(6);
-+    segment_code            PT_LOAD FLAGS(5);
-+    segment_data            PT_LOAD FLAGS(6);
- }
-
- SECTIONS
- {
--    . =  __rpi_phys_binary_load_addr;
-+    . =  __rpi_phys_dram_start_addr;
-+
-+    /***********************************************************************************************
-+    * Boot Core Stack
-+    ***********************************************************************************************/
-+    .boot_core_stack (NOLOAD) :
-+    {
-+                                             /*   ^             */
-+                                             /*   | stack       */
-+        . += __rpi_phys_binary_load_addr;    /*   | growth      */
-+                                             /*   | direction   */
-+        __boot_core_stack_end_exclusive = .; /*   |             */
-+    } :segment_boot_core_stack
-
-     /***********************************************************************************************
--    * Code
-+    * Code + RO Data + Global Offset Table
-     ***********************************************************************************************/
-     .text :
-     {
-         KEEP(*(.text._start))
-+        *(.text._start_arguments) /* Constants (or statics in Rust speak) read by _start(). */
-+        *(.text._start_rust)      /* The Rust entry point */
-+        *(.text*)                 /* Everything else */
-     } :segment_code
-+
-+    .rodata : ALIGN(8) { *(.rodata*) } :segment_code
-+    .got    : ALIGN(8) { *(.got)     } :segment_code
-+
-+    /***********************************************************************************************
-+    * Data + BSS
-+    ***********************************************************************************************/
-+    .data : { *(.data*) } :segment_data
-+
-+    /* Section is zeroed in pairs of u64. Align start and end to 16 bytes */
-+    .bss (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(16)
-+    {
-+        __bss_start = .;
-+        *(.bss*);
-+        . = ALIGN(16);
-+        __bss_end_exclusive = .;
-+    } :segment_data
- }
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
-@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
-
- //! Top-level BSP file for the Raspberry Pi 3 and 4.
-
--// Coming soon.
-+pub mod cpu;
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/cpu.rs 02_runtime_init/src/cpu.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/cpu.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/cpu.rs
-@@ -4,4 +4,13 @@
-
- //! Processor code.
-
-+#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
-+#[path = "_arch/aarch64/cpu.rs"]
-+mod arch_cpu;
-+
- mod boot;
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Architectural Public Reexports
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+pub use arch_cpu::wait_forever;
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/main.rs 02_runtime_init/src/main.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/main.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/main.rs
-@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@
- //!
- //! 1. The kernel's entry point is the function `cpu::boot::arch_boot::_start()`.
- //!     - It is implemented in `src/_arch/__arch_name__/cpu/boot.s`.
-+//! 2. Once finished with architectural setup, the arch code calls `kernel_init()`.
-
- #![no_main]
- #![no_std]
-@@ -110,4 +111,11 @@
- mod cpu;
- mod panic_wait;
-
--// Kernel code coming next tutorial.
-+/// Early init code.
-+///
-+/// # Safety
-+///
-+/// - Only a single core must be active and running this function.
-+unsafe fn kernel_init() -> ! {
-+    panic!()
-+}
-
-diff -uNr 01_wait_forever/src/panic_wait.rs 02_runtime_init/src/panic_wait.rs
---- 01_wait_forever/src/panic_wait.rs
-+++ 02_runtime_init/src/panic_wait.rs
-@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
-
- //! A panic handler that infinitely waits.
-
-+use crate::cpu;
- use core::panic::PanicInfo;
-
- #[panic_handler]
- fn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
--    unimplemented!()
-+    cpu::wait_forever()
- }
-```
+Please check [the english version](README.md#diff-to-previous), which is kept up-to-date.

03_hacky_hello_world/README.ES.md

@@ -31,292 +31,15 @@ Kernel panic: Stopping here.
 * *Hacky:* Solución torpe o poco elegante para un problema.
 
 * *Debugging:* Proceso para identificar y corregir errores de programación.
-  
+
   * *printf debugging:* Usado para describir el trabajo de depuración (*debugging*) poniendo comandos que dan una salida en consola, como el de "printf", en diferentes lugares del programa; observando la información y tratando de deducir qué está mal en el programa basándose en la información que nos dan nuestros comandos.
 
 * *Traits:* Un *trait* le hace saber al compilador de Rust acerca de una funcionalidad que tiene un tipo de dato particular y que puede compartir con otros tipos de datos.
-  
+
   > NOTA: Los *traits* son similares a una característica que se le conoce comúnmente como *interfaces* en otros lenguajes, aunque con algunas diferencias.
-  
+
   Si deseas aprender más acerca de esto, por favor lee este capítulo del libro de Rust: [Traits: Defining Shared Behavior - The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html)
 
 ## Diferencias con el archivo anterior
 
-```diff
-diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/Cargo.toml 03_hacky_hello_world/Cargo.toml
---- 02_runtime_init/Cargo.toml
-+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/Cargo.toml
-@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
- [package]
- name = "mingo"
--version = "0.2.0"
-+version = "0.3.0"
- authors = ["Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>"]
- edition = "2021"
-
-
-diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/Makefile 03_hacky_hello_world/Makefile
---- 02_runtime_init/Makefile
-+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/Makefile
-@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
-     KERNEL_BIN        = kernel8.img
-     QEMU_BINARY       = qemu-system-aarch64
-     QEMU_MACHINE_TYPE = raspi3
--    QEMU_RELEASE_ARGS = -d in_asm -display none
-+    QEMU_RELEASE_ARGS = -serial stdio -display none
-     OBJDUMP_BINARY    = aarch64-none-elf-objdump
-     NM_BINARY         = aarch64-none-elf-nm
-     READELF_BINARY    = aarch64-none-elf-readelf
-@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
-     KERNEL_BIN        = kernel8.img
-     QEMU_BINARY       = qemu-system-aarch64
-     QEMU_MACHINE_TYPE =
--    QEMU_RELEASE_ARGS = -d in_asm -display none
-+    QEMU_RELEASE_ARGS = -serial stdio -display none
-     OBJDUMP_BINARY    = aarch64-none-elf-objdump
-     NM_BINARY         = aarch64-none-elf-nm
-     READELF_BINARY    = aarch64-none-elf-readelf
-@@ -71,17 +71,20 @@
-     --strip-all            \
-     -O binary
-
--EXEC_QEMU = $(QEMU_BINARY) -M $(QEMU_MACHINE_TYPE)
-+EXEC_QEMU          = $(QEMU_BINARY) -M $(QEMU_MACHINE_TYPE)
-+EXEC_TEST_DISPATCH = ruby ../common/tests/dispatch.rb
-
- ##------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ## Dockerization
- ##------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--DOCKER_CMD          = docker run -t --rm -v $(shell pwd):/work/tutorial -w /work/tutorial
--DOCKER_CMD_INTERACT = $(DOCKER_CMD) -i
-+DOCKER_CMD            = docker run -t --rm -v $(shell pwd):/work/tutorial -w /work/tutorial
-+DOCKER_CMD_INTERACT   = $(DOCKER_CMD) -i
-+DOCKER_ARG_DIR_COMMON = -v $(shell pwd)/../common:/work/common
-
- # DOCKER_IMAGE defined in include file (see top of this file).
- DOCKER_QEMU  = $(DOCKER_CMD_INTERACT) $(DOCKER_IMAGE)
- DOCKER_TOOLS = $(DOCKER_CMD) $(DOCKER_IMAGE)
-+DOCKER_TEST  = $(DOCKER_CMD) $(DOCKER_ARG_DIR_COMMON) $(DOCKER_IMAGE)
-
-
-
-@@ -169,3 +172,28 @@
- ##------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- check:
-     @RUSTFLAGS="$(RUSTFLAGS)" $(CHECK_CMD) --message-format=json
-+
-+
-+
-+##--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+## Testing targets
-+##--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+.PHONY: test test_boot
-+
-+ifeq ($(QEMU_MACHINE_TYPE),) # QEMU is not supported for the board.
-+
-+test_boot test :
-+    $(call colorecho, "\n$(QEMU_MISSING_STRING)")
-+
-+else # QEMU is supported.
-+
-+##------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+## Run boot test
-+##------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+test_boot: $(KERNEL_BIN)
-+    $(call colorecho, "\nBoot test - $(BSP)")
-+    @$(DOCKER_TEST) $(EXEC_TEST_DISPATCH) $(EXEC_QEMU) $(QEMU_RELEASE_ARGS) -kernel $(KERNEL_BIN)
-+
-+test: test_boot
-+
-+endif
-
-diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/console.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/bsp/raspberrypi/console.rs
---- 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/console.rs
-+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/bsp/raspberrypi/console.rs
-@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
-+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
-+//
-+// Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-+
-+//! BSP console facilities.
-+
-+use crate::console;
-+use core::fmt;
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Private Definitions
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// A mystical, magical device for generating QEMU output out of the void.
-+struct QEMUOutput;
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Private Code
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// Implementing `core::fmt::Write` enables usage of the `format_args!` macros, which in turn are
-+/// used to implement the `kernel`'s `print!` and `println!` macros. By implementing `write_str()`,
-+/// we get `write_fmt()` automatically.
-+///
-+/// See [`src/print.rs`].
-+///
-+/// [`src/print.rs`]: ../../print/index.html
-+impl fmt::Write for QEMUOutput {
-+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
-+        for c in s.chars() {
-+            unsafe {
-+                core::ptr::write_volatile(0x3F20_1000 as *mut u8, c as u8);
-+            }
-+        }
-+
-+        Ok(())
-+    }
-+}
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Public Code
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// Return a reference to the console.
-+pub fn console() -> impl console::interface::Write {
-+    QEMUOutput {}
-+}
-
-diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
---- 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
-+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
-@@ -4,4 +4,5 @@
-
- //! Top-level BSP file for the Raspberry Pi 3 and 4.
-
-+pub mod console;
- pub mod cpu;
-
-diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/console.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/console.rs
---- 02_runtime_init/src/console.rs
-+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/console.rs
-@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
-+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
-+//
-+// Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-+
-+//! System console.
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Public Definitions
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+/// Console interfaces.
-+pub mod interface {
-+    /// Console write functions.
-+    ///
-+    /// `core::fmt::Write` is exactly what we need for now. Re-export it here because
-+    /// implementing `console::Write` gives a better hint to the reader about the
-+    /// intention.
-+    pub use core::fmt::Write;
-+}
-
-diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/main.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/main.rs
---- 02_runtime_init/src/main.rs
-+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/main.rs
-@@ -104,12 +104,16 @@
- //!     - It is implemented in `src/_arch/__arch_name__/cpu/boot.s`.
- //! 2. Once finished with architectural setup, the arch code calls `kernel_init()`.
-
-+#![feature(format_args_nl)]
-+#![feature(panic_info_message)]
- #![no_main]
- #![no_std]
-
- mod bsp;
-+mod console;
- mod cpu;
- mod panic_wait;
-+mod print;
-
- /// Early init code.
- ///
-@@ -117,5 +121,7 @@
- ///
- /// - Only a single core must be active and running this function.
- unsafe fn kernel_init() -> ! {
--    panic!()
-+    println!("[0] Hello from Rust!");
-+
-+    panic!("Stopping here.")
- }
-
-diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/panic_wait.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/panic_wait.rs
---- 02_runtime_init/src/panic_wait.rs
-+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/panic_wait.rs
-@@ -4,10 +4,16 @@
-
- //! A panic handler that infinitely waits.
-
--use crate::cpu;
-+use crate::{cpu, println};
- use core::panic::PanicInfo;
-
- #[panic_handler]
--fn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
-+fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
-+    if let Some(args) = info.message() {
-+        println!("\nKernel panic: {}", args);
-+    } else {
-+        println!("\nKernel panic!");
-+    }
-+
-     cpu::wait_forever()
- }
-
-diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/print.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/print.rs
---- 02_runtime_init/src/print.rs
-+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/print.rs
-@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
-+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
-+//
-+// Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
-+
-+//! Printing.
-+
-+use crate::{bsp, console};
-+use core::fmt;
-+
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+// Public Code
-+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-+
-+#[doc(hidden)]
-+pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
-+    use console::interface::Write;
-+
-+    bsp::console::console().write_fmt(args).unwrap();
-+}
-+
-+/// Prints without a newline.
-+///
-+/// Carbon copy from <https://doc.rust-lang.org/src/std/macros.rs.html>
-+#[macro_export]
-+macro_rules! print {
-+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
-+}
-+
-+/// Prints with a newline.
-+///
-+/// Carbon copy from <https://doc.rust-lang.org/src/std/macros.rs.html>
-+#[macro_export]
-+macro_rules! println {
-+    () => ($crate::print!("\n"));
-+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
-+        $crate::print::_print(format_args_nl!($($arg)*));
-+    })
-+}
-
-diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/tests/boot_test_string.rb 03_hacky_hello_world/tests/boot_test_string.rb
---- 02_runtime_init/tests/boot_test_string.rb
-+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/tests/boot_test_string.rb
-@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
-+# frozen_string_literal: true
-+
-+EXPECTED_PRINT = 'Stopping here'
-```
+Please check [the english version](README.md#diff-to-previous), which is kept up-to-date.