rust-raspberrypi-OS-tutorials/03_hacky_hello_world

Tutorial 03 - Hacky Hello World

tl;dr

Introducing global print!() macros to enable "printf debugging" at the earliest; To keep tutorial length reasonable, printing functions for now "abuse" a QEMU property that lets us use the RPi's UART without setting it up properly; Using the real hardware UART is enabled step-by-step in following tutorials.

Notable additions

• src/console.rs introduces interface Traits for console commands.
• src/bsp/raspberrypi/console.rs implements the interface for QEMU's emulated UART.
• The panic handler makes use of the new print!() to display user error messages.

Test it

QEMU is no longer running in assembly mode. It will from now on show the output of the console.

$ make qemu
[...]
Hello from Rust!

Kernel panic: Stopping here.

Diff to previous

diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/Makefile 03_hacky_hello_world/Makefile
--- 02_runtime_init/Makefile
+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/Makefile
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     KERNEL_BIN        = kernel8.img
     QEMU_BINARY       = qemu-system-aarch64
     QEMU_MACHINE_TYPE = raspi3
-    QEMU_RELEASE_ARGS = -d in_asm -display none
+    QEMU_RELEASE_ARGS = -serial stdio -display none
     LINKER_FILE       = src/bsp/raspberrypi/link.ld
     RUSTC_MISC_ARGS   = -C target-cpu=cortex-a53
 else ifeq ($(BSP),rpi4)
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     KERNEL_BIN        = kernel8.img
     QEMU_BINARY       = qemu-system-aarch64
     QEMU_MACHINE_TYPE =
-    QEMU_RELEASE_ARGS = -d in_asm -display none
+    QEMU_RELEASE_ARGS = -serial stdio -display none
     LINKER_FILE       = src/bsp/raspberrypi/link.ld
     RUSTC_MISC_ARGS   = -C target-cpu=cortex-a72
 endif

diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/console.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/bsp/raspberrypi/console.rs
--- 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi/console.rs
+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/bsp/raspberrypi/console.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2018-2020 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
+
+//! BSP console facilities.
+
+use crate::console;
+use core::fmt;
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Private Definitions
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A mystical, magical device for generating QEMU output out of the void.
+struct QEMUOutput;
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Private Code
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Implementing `core::fmt::Write` enables usage of the `format_args!` macros, which in turn are
+/// used to implement the `kernel`'s `print!` and `println!` macros. By implementing `write_str()`,
+/// we get `write_fmt()` automatically.
+///
+/// See [`src/print.rs`].
+///
+/// [`src/print.rs`]: ../../print/index.html
+impl fmt::Write for QEMUOutput {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        for c in s.chars() {
+            unsafe {
+                core::ptr::write_volatile(0x3F20_1000 as *mut u8, c as u8);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Public Code
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Return a reference to the console.
+pub fn console() -> impl console::interface::Write {
+    QEMUOutput {}
+}

diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
--- 02_runtime_init/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/bsp/raspberrypi.rs
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@

 //! Top-level BSP file for the Raspberry Pi 3 and 4.

-// Coming soon.
+pub mod console;

diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/console.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/console.rs
--- 02_runtime_init/src/console.rs
+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/console.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2018-2020 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
+
+//! System console.
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Public Definitions
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Console interfaces.
+pub mod interface {
+    /// Console write functions.
+    ///
+    /// `core::fmt::Write` is exactly what we need for now. Re-export it here because
+    /// implementing `console::Write` gives a better hint to the reader about the
+    /// intention.
+    pub use core::fmt::Write;
+}

diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/main.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/main.rs
--- 02_runtime_init/src/main.rs
+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/main.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,9 @@
 //! - `crate::bsp::memory::*`

 #![feature(asm)]
+#![feature(format_args_nl)]
 #![feature(global_asm)]
+#![feature(panic_info_message)]
 #![no_main]
 #![no_std]

@@ -101,9 +103,11 @@
 // `runtime_init()`, which jumps to `kernel_init()`.

 mod bsp;
+mod console;
 mod cpu;
 mod memory;
 mod panic_wait;
+mod print;
 mod runtime_init;

 /// Early init code.
@@ -112,5 +116,7 @@
 ///
 /// - Only a single core must be active and running this function.
 unsafe fn kernel_init() -> ! {
-    panic!()
+    println!("[0] Hello from Rust!");
+
+    panic!("Stopping here.")
 }

diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/panic_wait.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/panic_wait.rs
--- 02_runtime_init/src/panic_wait.rs
+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/panic_wait.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,16 @@

 //! A panic handler that infinitely waits.

-use crate::cpu;
+use crate::{cpu, println};
 use core::panic::PanicInfo;

 #[panic_handler]
-fn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
+fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    if let Some(args) = info.message() {
+        println!("\nKernel panic: {}", args);
+    } else {
+        println!("\nKernel panic!");
+    }
+
     cpu::wait_forever()
 }

diff -uNr 02_runtime_init/src/print.rs 03_hacky_hello_world/src/print.rs
--- 02_runtime_init/src/print.rs
+++ 03_hacky_hello_world/src/print.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2018-2020 Andre Richter <andre.o.richter@gmail.com>
+
+//! Printing facilities.
+
+use crate::{bsp, console};
+use core::fmt;
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Private Code
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    use console::interface::Write;
+
+    bsp::console::console().write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+}
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Public Code
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Prints without a newline.
+///
+/// Carbon copy from https://doc.rust-lang.org/src/std/macros.rs.html
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+/// Prints with a newline.
+///
+/// Carbon copy from https://doc.rust-lang.org/src/std/macros.rs.html
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println {
+    () => ($crate::print!("\n"));
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
+        $crate::print::_print(format_args_nl!($($arg)*));
+    })
+}