Early attempt to develop a CAS interface.

authority/authority.go

@@ -10,8 +10,11 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas"
+
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
+	casapi "github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/apiv1"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/db"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/kms"
 	kmsapi "github.com/smallstep/certificates/kms/apiv1"
@@ -33,6 +36,7 @@ type Authority struct {
 	templates    *templates.Templates
 
 	// X509 CA
+	x509CAService      cas.CertificateAuthorityService
 	rootX509Certs      []*x509.Certificate
 	federatedX509Certs []*x509.Certificate
 	x509Signer         crypto.Signer
@@ -144,6 +148,18 @@ func (a *Authority) init() error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Initialize the X.509 CA Service if it has not been set in the options
+	if a.x509CAService == nil {
+		var options casapi.Options
+		if a.config.CAS != nil {
+			options = *a.config.CAS
+		}
+		a.x509CAService, err = cas.New(context.Background(), options)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Initialize step-ca Database if it's not already initialized with WithDB.
 	// If a.config.DB is nil then a simple, barebones in memory DB will be used.
 	if a.db == nil {

authority/config.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
+	cas "github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/apiv1"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/db"
 	kms "github.com/smallstep/certificates/kms/apiv1"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/templates"
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	Address          string               `json:"address"`
 	DNSNames         []string             `json:"dnsNames"`
 	KMS              *kms.Options         `json:"kms,omitempty"`
+	CAS              *cas.Options         `json:"cas,omitempty"`
 	SSH              *SSHConfig           `json:"ssh,omitempty"`
 	Logger           json.RawMessage      `json:"logger,omitempty"`
 	DB               *db.Config           `json:"db,omitempty"`
@@ -220,6 +222,11 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	// Validate CAS options, nil is ok.
+	if err := c.CAS.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	// Validate ssh: nil is ok
 	if err := c.SSH.Validate(); err != nil {
 		return err

authority/tls.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/authority/provisioner"
+	casapi "github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/apiv1"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/db"
 	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/errs"
 	"go.step.sm/crypto/jose"
@@ -144,11 +145,23 @@ func (a *Authority) Sign(csr *x509.CertificateRequest, signOpts provisioner.Sign
 		}
 	}
 
-	serverCert, err := x509util.CreateCertificate(leaf, a.x509Issuer, csr.PublicKey, a.x509Signer)
+	lifetime := leaf.NotAfter.Sub(leaf.NotBefore.Add(-1 * signOpts.Backdate))
+	resp, err := a.x509CAService.CreateCertificate(&casapi.CreateCertificateRequest{
+		Template: leaf,
+		Issuer:   a.x509Issuer,
+		Signer:   a.x509Signer,
+		Lifetime: lifetime,
+	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err,
-			"authority.Sign; error creating certificate", opts...)
+		return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err, "authority.Sign; error creating certificate", opts...)
 	}
+	serverCert := resp.Certificate
+
+	// serverCert, err := x509util.CreateCertificate(leaf, a.x509Issuer, csr.PublicKey, a.x509Signer)
+	// if err != nil {
+	// 	return nil, errs.Wrap(http.StatusInternalServerError, err,
+	// 		"authority.Sign; error creating certificate", opts...)
+	// }
 
 	if err = a.db.StoreCertificate(serverCert); err != nil {
 		if err != db.ErrNotImplemented {

cas/apiv1/options.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package apiv1
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// Options represents the configuration options used to select and configure the
+// CertificateAuthorityService (CAS) to use.
+type Options struct {
+	// The type of the CAS to use.
+	Type string `json:"type"`
+
+	// Path to the credentials file used in CloudCAS
+	CredentialsFile string `json:"credentialsFile"`
+}
+
+// Validate checks the fields in Options.
+func (o *Options) Validate() error {
+	if o == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	switch Type(strings.ToLower(o.Type)) {
+	case DefaultCAS, SoftCAS, CloudCAS:
+	default:
+		return errors.Errorf("unsupported kms type %s", o.Type)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

cas/apiv1/registry.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package apiv1
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+var registry = new(sync.Map)
+
+// CertificateAuthorityServiceNewFunc is the type that represents the method to initialize a new
+// CertificateAuthorityService.
+type CertificateAuthorityServiceNewFunc func(ctx context.Context, opts Options) (CertificateAuthorityService, error)
+
+// Register adds to the registry a method to create a KeyManager of type t.
+func Register(t Type, fn CertificateAuthorityServiceNewFunc) {
+	registry.Store(t, fn)
+}
+
+// LoadCertificateAuthorityServiceNewFunc returns the function initialize a KayManager.
+func LoadCertificateAuthorityServiceNewFunc(t Type) (CertificateAuthorityServiceNewFunc, bool) {
+	v, ok := registry.Load(t)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	fn, ok := v.(CertificateAuthorityServiceNewFunc)
+	return fn, ok
+}

cas/apiv1/requests.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package apiv1
+
+import (
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type CreateCertificateRequest struct {
+	Template *x509.Certificate
+	Issuer   *x509.Certificate
+	Signer   crypto.Signer
+	Lifetime time.Duration
+
+	RequestID string
+}
+type CreateCertificateResponse struct {
+	Certificate      *x509.Certificate
+	CertificateChain []*x509.Certificate
+}
+
+type RenewCertificateRequest struct{}
+type RenewCertificateResponse struct{}
+
+type RevokeCertificateRequest struct{}
+type RevokeCertificateResponse struct{}

cas/apiv1/services.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package apiv1
+
+// CertificateAuthorityService is the interface implemented to support external
+// certificate authorities.
+type CertificateAuthorityService interface {
+	CreateCertificate(req *CreateCertificateRequest) (*CreateCertificateResponse, error)
+	RenewCertificate(req *RenewCertificateRequest) (*RenewCertificateResponse, error)
+	RevokeCertificate(req *RevokeCertificateRequest) (*RevokeCertificateResponse, error)
+}
+
+// Type represents the KMS type used.
+type Type string
+
+//
+const (
+	// DefaultCAS is a CertificateAuthorityService using software.
+	DefaultCAS = ""
+	// SoftCAS is a CertificateAuthorityService using software.
+	SoftCAS = "softcas"
+	// CloudCAS is a CertificateAuthorityService using Google Cloud CAS.
+	CloudCAS = "cloudcas"
+)

cas/cas.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package cas
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/apiv1"
+
+	// Enable default implementation
+	_ "github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/softcas"
+)
+
+// CertificateAuthorityService is the interface implemented by all the CAS.
+type CertificateAuthorityService = apiv1.CertificateAuthorityService
+
+func New(ctx context.Context, opts apiv1.Options) (CertificateAuthorityService, error) {
+	if err := opts.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	t := apiv1.Type(strings.ToLower(opts.Type))
+	if t == apiv1.DefaultCAS {
+		t = apiv1.SoftCAS
+	}
+
+	fn, ok := apiv1.LoadCertificateAuthorityServiceNewFunc(t)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("unsupported kms type '%s'", t)
+	}
+	return fn(ctx, opts)
+}

cas/cloudcas/certificate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+package cloudcas
+
+import (
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"encoding/asn1"
+	"encoding/pem"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	pb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/security/privateca/v1beta1"
+	wrapperspb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/wrapperspb"
+)
+
+var (
+	oidExtensionSubjectAltName = []int{2, 5, 29, 17}
+)
+
+var (
+	oidExtKeyUsageAny                            = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{2, 5, 29, 37, 0}
+	oidExtKeyUsageServerAuth                     = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 3, 1}
+	oidExtKeyUsageClientAuth                     = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 3, 2}
+	oidExtKeyUsageCodeSigning                    = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 3, 3}
+	oidExtKeyUsageEmailProtection                = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 3, 4}
+	oidExtKeyUsageIPSECEndSystem                 = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 3, 5}
+	oidExtKeyUsageIPSECTunnel                    = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 3, 6}
+	oidExtKeyUsageIPSECUser                      = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 3, 7}
+	oidExtKeyUsageTimeStamping                   = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 3, 8}
+	oidExtKeyUsageOCSPSigning                    = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 3, 9}
+	oidExtKeyUsageMicrosoftServerGatedCrypto     = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 311, 10, 3, 3}
+	oidExtKeyUsageNetscapeServerGatedCrypto      = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{2, 16, 840, 1, 113730, 4, 1}
+	oidExtKeyUsageMicrosoftCommercialCodeSigning = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 311, 2, 1, 22}
+	oidExtKeyUsageMicrosoftKernelCodeSigning     = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 311, 61, 1, 1}
+)
+
+const (
+	nameTypeEmail = 1
+	nameTypeDNS   = 2
+	nameTypeURI   = 6
+	nameTypeIP    = 7
+)
+
+func createCertificateConfig(tpl *x509.Certificate) (*pb.Certificate_Config, error) {
+	pk, err := createPublicKey(tpl.PublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	config := &pb.CertificateConfig{
+		SubjectConfig: &pb.CertificateConfig_SubjectConfig{
+			Subject:        createSubject(tpl),
+			CommonName:     tpl.Subject.CommonName,
+			SubjectAltName: createSubjectAlternativeNames(tpl),
+		},
+		ReusableConfig: createReusableConfig(tpl),
+		PublicKey:      pk,
+	}
+	return &pb.Certificate_Config{
+		Config: config,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func createPublicKey(key crypto.PublicKey) (*pb.PublicKey, error) {
+	pk := new(pb.PublicKey)
+	switch key := key.(type) {
+	case *ecdsa.PublicKey:
+		asn1Bytes, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error marshaling public key")
+		}
+		return &pb.PublicKey{
+			Type: pb.PublicKey_PEM_RSA_KEY,
+			Key: pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
+				Type:  "PUBLIC KEY",
+				Bytes: asn1Bytes,
+			}),
+		}, nil
+	case *rsa.PublicKey:
+		return &pb.PublicKey{
+			Type: pb.PublicKey_PEM_RSA_KEY,
+			Key: pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
+				Type:  "RSA PUBLIC KEY",
+				Bytes: x509.MarshalPKCS1PublicKey(key),
+			}),
+		}, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("unsupported public key type: %T", key)
+	}
+
+	return pk, nil
+}
+
+func createSubject(cert *x509.Certificate) *pb.Subject {
+	sub := cert.Subject
+	ret := new(pb.Subject)
+	if len(sub.Country) > 0 {
+		ret.CountryCode = sub.Country[0]
+	}
+	if len(sub.Organization) > 0 {
+		ret.Organization = sub.Organization[0]
+	}
+	if len(sub.OrganizationalUnit) > 0 {
+		ret.OrganizationalUnit = sub.OrganizationalUnit[0]
+	}
+	if len(sub.Locality) > 0 {
+		ret.Locality = sub.Locality[0]
+	}
+	if len(sub.Province) > 0 {
+		ret.Province = sub.Province[0]
+	}
+	if len(sub.StreetAddress) > 0 {
+		ret.StreetAddress = sub.StreetAddress[0]
+	}
+	if len(sub.PostalCode) > 0 {
+		ret.PostalCode = sub.PostalCode[0]
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+func createSubjectAlternativeNames(cert *x509.Certificate) *pb.SubjectAltNames {
+	ret := new(pb.SubjectAltNames)
+	ret.DnsNames = cert.DNSNames
+	ret.EmailAddresses = cert.EmailAddresses
+	if n := len(cert.IPAddresses); n > 0 {
+		ret.IpAddresses = make([]string, n)
+		for i, ip := range cert.IPAddresses {
+			ret.IpAddresses[i] = ip.String()
+		}
+	}
+	if n := len(cert.URIs); n > 0 {
+		ret.Uris = make([]string, n)
+		for i, u := range cert.URIs {
+			ret.Uris[i] = u.String()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add extra SANs coming from the extensions
+	if ext, ok := findExtraExtension(cert, oidExtensionSubjectAltName); ok {
+		ret.CustomSans = []*pb.X509Extension{{
+			ObjectId: createObjectID(ext.Id),
+			Critical: ext.Critical,
+			Value:    ext.Value,
+		}}
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+func createReusableConfig(cert *x509.Certificate) *pb.ReusableConfigWrapper {
+	var unknownEKUs []*pb.ObjectId
+	var ekuOptions = &pb.KeyUsage_ExtendedKeyUsageOptions{}
+	for _, eku := range cert.ExtKeyUsage {
+		switch eku {
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageAny:
+			unknownEKUs = append(unknownEKUs, createObjectID(oidExtKeyUsageAny))
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth:
+			ekuOptions.ServerAuth = true
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageClientAuth:
+			ekuOptions.ClientAuth = true
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageCodeSigning:
+			ekuOptions.CodeSigning = true
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageEmailProtection:
+			ekuOptions.EmailProtection = true
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageIPSECEndSystem:
+			unknownEKUs = append(unknownEKUs, createObjectID(oidExtKeyUsageIPSECEndSystem))
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageIPSECTunnel:
+			unknownEKUs = append(unknownEKUs, createObjectID(oidExtKeyUsageIPSECTunnel))
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageIPSECUser:
+			unknownEKUs = append(unknownEKUs, createObjectID(oidExtKeyUsageIPSECUser))
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageTimeStamping:
+			ekuOptions.TimeStamping = true
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageOCSPSigning:
+			ekuOptions.OcspSigning = true
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageMicrosoftServerGatedCrypto:
+			unknownEKUs = append(unknownEKUs, createObjectID(oidExtKeyUsageMicrosoftServerGatedCrypto))
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageNetscapeServerGatedCrypto:
+			unknownEKUs = append(unknownEKUs, createObjectID(oidExtKeyUsageNetscapeServerGatedCrypto))
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageMicrosoftCommercialCodeSigning:
+			unknownEKUs = append(unknownEKUs, createObjectID(oidExtKeyUsageMicrosoftCommercialCodeSigning))
+		case x509.ExtKeyUsageMicrosoftKernelCodeSigning:
+			unknownEKUs = append(unknownEKUs, createObjectID(oidExtKeyUsageMicrosoftKernelCodeSigning))
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, oid := range cert.UnknownExtKeyUsage {
+		unknownEKUs = append(unknownEKUs, createObjectID(oid))
+	}
+
+	policyIDs := make([]*pb.ObjectId, len(cert.PolicyIdentifiers))
+	for i, oid := range cert.PolicyIdentifiers {
+		policyIDs[i] = createObjectID(oid)
+	}
+
+	var caOptions *pb.ReusableConfigValues_CaOptions
+	if cert.BasicConstraintsValid {
+		var maxPathLength *wrapperspb.Int32Value
+		switch {
+		case cert.MaxPathLenZero:
+			maxPathLength = wrapperspb.Int32(0)
+		case cert.MaxPathLen > 0:
+			maxPathLength = wrapperspb.Int32(int32(cert.MaxPathLen))
+		default:
+			maxPathLength = nil
+		}
+
+		caOptions = &pb.ReusableConfigValues_CaOptions{
+			IsCa:                wrapperspb.Bool(cert.IsCA),
+			MaxIssuerPathLength: maxPathLength,
+		}
+	}
+
+	extraExtensions := make([]*pb.X509Extension, len(cert.ExtraExtensions))
+	for i, ext := range cert.ExtraExtensions {
+		extraExtensions[i] = &pb.X509Extension{
+			ObjectId: createObjectID(ext.Id),
+			Critical: ext.Critical,
+			Value:    ext.Value,
+		}
+	}
+
+	values := &pb.ReusableConfigValues{
+		KeyUsage: &pb.KeyUsage{
+			BaseKeyUsage: &pb.KeyUsage_KeyUsageOptions{
+				DigitalSignature:  cert.KeyUsage&x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature == 1,
+				ContentCommitment: cert.KeyUsage&x509.KeyUsageContentCommitment == 1,
+				KeyEncipherment:   cert.KeyUsage&x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment == 1,
+				DataEncipherment:  cert.KeyUsage&x509.KeyUsageDataEncipherment == 1,
+				KeyAgreement:      cert.KeyUsage&x509.KeyUsageKeyAgreement == 1,
+				CertSign:          cert.KeyUsage&x509.KeyUsageCertSign == 1,
+				CrlSign:           cert.KeyUsage&x509.KeyUsageCRLSign == 1,
+				EncipherOnly:      cert.KeyUsage&x509.KeyUsageEncipherOnly == 1,
+				DecipherOnly:      cert.KeyUsage&x509.KeyUsageDecipherOnly == 1,
+			},
+			ExtendedKeyUsage:         ekuOptions,
+			UnknownExtendedKeyUsages: unknownEKUs,
+		},
+		CaOptions:            caOptions,
+		PolicyIds:            policyIDs,
+		AiaOcspServers:       cert.OCSPServer,
+		AdditionalExtensions: extraExtensions,
+	}
+
+	return &pb.ReusableConfigWrapper{
+		ConfigValues: &pb.ReusableConfigWrapper_ReusableConfigValues{
+			ReusableConfigValues: values,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func createObjectID(oid asn1.ObjectIdentifier) *pb.ObjectId {
+	ret := make([]int32, len(oid))
+	for i, v := range oid {
+		ret[i] = int32(v)
+	}
+	return &pb.ObjectId{
+		ObjectIdPath: ret,
+	}
+}
+
+func findExtraExtension(cert *x509.Certificate, oid asn1.ObjectIdentifier) (pkix.Extension, bool) {
+	for _, ext := range cert.ExtraExtensions {
+		if ext.Id.Equal(oid) {
+			return ext, true
+		}
+	}
+	return pkix.Extension{}, false
+}

cas/cloudcas/cloudcas.go

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+package cloudcas
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	privateca "cloud.google.com/go/security/privateca/apiv1beta1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/apiv1"
+	privatecapb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/security/privateca/v1beta1"
+	durationpb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/durationpb"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	apiv1.Register(apiv1.CloudCAS, func(ctx context.Context, opts apiv1.Options) (apiv1.CertificateAuthorityService, error) {
+		return New(ctx, opts)
+	})
+}
+
+// CloudCAS implements a Certificate Authority Service using Google Cloud CAS.
+type CloudCAS struct {
+	client               *privateca.CertificateAuthorityClient
+	certificateAuthority string
+}
+
+type caClient interface{}
+
+// New creates a new CertificateAuthorityService implementation using Google
+// Cloud CAS.
+func New(ctx context.Context, opts apiv1.Options) (*CloudCAS, error) {
+	client, err := privateca.NewCertificateAuthorityClient(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error creating client")
+	}
+
+	return &CloudCAS{
+		client:               client,
+		certificateAuthority: "",
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// CreateCertificate signs a new certificate using Google Cloud CAS.
+func (c *CloudCAS) CreateCertificate(req *apiv1.CreateCertificateRequest) (*apiv1.CreateCertificateResponse, error) {
+	switch {
+	case req.Template == nil:
+		return nil, errors.New("createCertificateRequest `template` cannot be nil")
+	case req.Lifetime == 0:
+		return nil, errors.New("createCertificateRequest `lifetime` cannot be 0")
+	}
+
+	certConfig, err := createCertificateConfig(req.Template)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := defaultContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	certpb, err := c.client.CreateCertificate(ctx, &privatecapb.CreateCertificateRequest{
+		Parent:        c.certificateAuthority,
+		CertificateId: "",
+		Certificate: &privatecapb.Certificate{
+			CertificateConfig: certConfig,
+			Lifetime:          durationpb.New(req.Lifetime),
+			Labels:            map[string]string{},
+		},
+		RequestId: req.RequestID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "cloudCAS CreateCertificate failed")
+	}
+
+	cert, err := parseCertificate(certpb.PemCertificate)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &apiv1.CreateCertificateResponse{
+		Certificate: cert,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (c *CloudCAS) RenewCertificate(req *apiv1.RenewCertificateRequest) (*apiv1.RenewCertificateResponse, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("not implemented")
+}
+
+// RevokeCertificate a certificate using Google Cloud CAS.
+func (c *CloudCAS) RevokeCertificate(req *apiv1.RevokeCertificateRequest) (*apiv1.RevokeCertificateResponse, error) {
+
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("not implemented")
+}
+
+func defaultContext() (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+	return context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
+}
+
+func parseCertificate(pemCert string) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
+	block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(pemCert))
+	if block == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("error decoding certificate: not a valid PEM encoded block")
+	}
+	cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error parsing certificate")
+	}
+	return cert, nil
+}

cas/softcas/softcas.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package softcas
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/apiv1"
+	"go.step.sm/crypto/x509util"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	apiv1.Register(apiv1.SoftCAS, func(ctx context.Context, opts apiv1.Options) (apiv1.CertificateAuthorityService, error) {
+		return New(ctx, opts)
+	})
+}
+
+// SoftCAS implements a Certificate Authority Service using Golang crypto.
+// This is the default CAS used in step-ca.
+type SoftCAS struct{}
+
+// New creates a new CertificateAuthorityService implementation using Golang
+// crypto.
+func New(ctx context.Context, opts apiv1.Options) (*SoftCAS, error) {
+	return &SoftCAS{}, nil
+}
+
+// CreateCertificate signs a new certificate using Golang crypto.
+func (c *SoftCAS) CreateCertificate(req *apiv1.CreateCertificateRequest) (*apiv1.CreateCertificateResponse, error) {
+	cert, err := x509util.CreateCertificate(req.Template, req.Issuer, req.Template.PublicKey, req.Signer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &apiv1.CreateCertificateResponse{
+		Certificate: cert,
+		CertificateChain: []*x509.Certificate{
+			req.Issuer,
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (c *SoftCAS) RenewCertificate(req *apiv1.RenewCertificateRequest) (*apiv1.RenewCertificateResponse, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("not implemented")
+}
+
+// RevokeCertificate revokes the given certificate in step-ca.
+func (c *SoftCAS) RevokeCertificate(req *apiv1.RevokeCertificateRequest) (*apiv1.RevokeCertificateResponse, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("not implemented")
+}

cmd/step-ca/main.go

@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ import (
 
 	// Experimental kms interfaces.
 	_ "github.com/smallstep/certificates/kms/yubikey"
+
+	// Enabled cas interfaces.
+	_ "github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/cloudcas"
+	_ "github.com/smallstep/certificates/cas/softcas"
 )
 
 // commit and buildTime are filled in during build by the Makefile

go.mod

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module github.com/smallstep/certificates
 go 1.14
 
 require (
-	cloud.google.com/go v0.51.0
+	cloud.google.com/go v0.65.1-0.20200904011802-3c2db50b5678
 	github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.1.0
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.30.29
 	github.com/go-chi/chi v4.0.2+incompatible
@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.2
 	go.step.sm/crypto v0.6.0
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200728195943-123391ffb6de
-	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200202094626-16171245cfb2
-	google.golang.org/api v0.15.0
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20191230161307-f3c370f40bfb
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.26.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200822124328-c89045814202
+	google.golang.org/api v0.31.0
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200904004341-0bd0a958aa1d
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.31.1
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0
 	gopkg.in/square/go-jose.v2 v2.5.1
 )
 

go.sum

@@ -5,12 +5,36 @@ cloud.google.com/go v0.44.1/go.mod h1:iSa0KzasP4Uvy3f1mN/7PiObzGgflwredwwASm/v6A
 cloud.google.com/go v0.44.2/go.mod h1:60680Gw3Yr4ikxnPRS/oxxkBccT6SA1yMk63TGekxKY=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.45.1/go.mod h1:RpBamKRgapWJb87xiFSdk4g1CME7QZg3uwTez+TSTjc=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.46.3/go.mod h1:a6bKKbmY7er1mI7TEI4lsAkts/mkhTSZK8w33B4RAg0=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.50.0/go.mod h1:r9sluTvynVuxRIOHXQEHMFffphuXHOMZMycpNR5e6To=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.51.0 h1:PvKAVQWCtlGUSlZkGW3QLelKaWq7KYv/MW1EboG8bfM=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.51.0/go.mod h1:hWtGJ6gnXH+KgDv+V0zFGDvpi07n3z8ZNj3T1RW0Gcw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.52.0/go.mod h1:pXajvRH/6o3+F9jDHZWQ5PbGhn+o8w9qiu/CffaVdO4=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.53.0/go.mod h1:fp/UouUEsRkN6ryDKNW/Upv/JBKnv6WDthjR6+vze6M=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.54.0/go.mod h1:1rq2OEkV3YMf6n/9ZvGWI3GWw0VoqH/1x2nd8Is/bPc=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.56.0/go.mod h1:jr7tqZxxKOVYizybht9+26Z/gUq7tiRzu+ACVAMbKVk=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.57.0/go.mod h1:oXiQ6Rzq3RAkkY7N6t3TcE6jE+CIBBbA36lwQ1JyzZs=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.62.0/go.mod h1:jmCYTdRCQuc1PHIIJ/maLInMho30T/Y0M4hTdTShOYc=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.65.0 h1:Dg9iHVQfrhq82rUNu9ZxUDrJLaxFUe/HlCVaLyRruq8=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.65.0/go.mod h1:O5N8zS7uWy9vkA9vayVHs65eM1ubvY4h553ofrNHObY=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.65.1-0.20200904011802-3c2db50b5678 h1:5YqZUrIf2QELwPqw1kLpGIE0z0I++b7HhzSNKjZlIY0=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.65.1-0.20200904011802-3c2db50b5678/go.mod h1:Ihp2NV3Qr9BWHCDNA8LXF9fZ1HGBl6Jx1xd7KP3nxkI=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.0.1/go.mod h1:i/xbL2UlR5RvWAURpBYZTtm/cXjCha9lbfbpx4poX+o=
+cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.3.0/go.mod h1:PjpwJnslEMmckchkHFfq+HTD2DmtT67aNFKH1/VBDHE=
+cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.4.0/go.mod h1:S8dzgnTigyfTmLBfrtrhyYhwRxG72rYxvftPBK2Dvzc=
+cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.5.0/go.mod h1:snEHRnqQbz117VIFhE8bmtwIDY80NLUZUMb4Nv6dBIg=
+cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.7.0/go.mod h1://okPTzCYNXSlb24MZs83e2Do+h+VXtc4gLoIoXIAPc=
+cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.8.0/go.mod h1:J5hqkt3O0uAFnINi6JXValWIb1v0goeZM77hZzJN/fQ=
 cloud.google.com/go/datastore v1.0.0/go.mod h1:LXYbyblFSglQ5pkeyhO+Qmw7ukd3C+pD7TKLgZqpHYE=
+cloud.google.com/go/datastore v1.1.0/go.mod h1:umbIZjpQpHh4hmRpGhH4tLFup+FVzqBi1b3c64qFpCk=
 cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.0.1/go.mod h1:R0Gpsv3s54REJCy4fxDixWD93lHJMoZTyQ2kNxGRt3I=
+cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EwwdRX2sKPjnvnqCa270oGRyludottCI76h+R3AArQw=
+cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.2.0/go.mod h1:jhfEVHT8odbXTkndysNHCcx0awwzvfOlguIAii9o8iA=
+cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.3.1/go.mod h1:i+ucay31+CNRpDW4Lu78I4xXG+O1r/MAHgjpRVR+TSU=
 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.0.0/go.mod h1:IhtSnM/ZTZV8YYJWCY8RULGVqBDmpoyjwiyrjsg+URw=
+cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.5.0/go.mod h1:tpKbwo567HUNpVclU5sGELwQWBDZ8gh0ZeosJ0Rtdos=
+cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.6.0/go.mod h1:N7U0C8pVQ/+NIKOBQyamJIeKQKkZ+mxpohlUTyfDhBk=
+cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.8.0/go.mod h1:Wv1Oy7z6Yz3DshWRJFhqM/UCfaWIRTdp0RXyy7KQOVs=
+cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.10.0/go.mod h1:FLPqc6j+Ki4BU591ie1oL6qBQGu2Bl/tZ9ullr3+Kg0=
 contrib.go.opencensus.io/exporter/stackdriver v0.12.1/go.mod h1:iwB6wGarfphGGe/e5CWqyUk/cLzKnWsOKPVW3no6OTw=
 contrib.go.opencensus.io/resource v0.1.1/go.mod h1:F361eGI91LCmW1I/Saf+rX0+OFcigGlFvXwEGEnkRLA=
 dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl v0.0.0-20190408044501-666a987793e9/go.mod h1:H6x//7gZCb22OMCxBHrMx7a5I7Hp++hsVxbQ4BYO7hU=
@@ -68,6 +92,7 @@ github.com/chzyer/readline v0.0.0-20180603132655-2972be24d48e/go.mod h1:nSuG5e5P
 github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20180213035817-a1ea475d72b1 h1:q763qf9huN11kDQavWsoZXJNW3xEE4JJyHa5Q25/sd8=
 github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20180213035817-a1ea475d72b1/go.mod h1:Q3SI9o4m/ZMnBNeIyt5eFwwo7qiLfzFZmjNmxjkiQlU=
 github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
+github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20191209042840-269d4d468f6f/go.mod h1:M8M6+tZqaGXZJjfX53e64911xZQV5JYwmTeXPW+k8Sc=
 github.com/coreos/bbolt v1.3.2/go.mod h1:iRUV2dpdMOn7Bo10OQBFzIJO9kkE559Wcmn+qkEiiKk=
 github.com/coreos/bbolt v1.3.3 h1:n6AiVyVRKQFNb6mJlwESEvvLoDyiTzXX7ORAUlkeBdY=
 github.com/coreos/bbolt v1.3.3/go.mod h1:iRUV2dpdMOn7Bo10OQBFzIJO9kkE559Wcmn+qkEiiKk=
@@ -105,7 +130,9 @@ github.com/dgryski/go-farm v0.0.0-20190423205320-6a90982ecee2/go.mod h1:SqUrOPUn
 github.com/dgryski/go-sip13 v0.0.0-20181026042036-e10d5fee7954/go.mod h1:vAd38F8PWV+bWy6jNmig1y/TA+kYO4g3RSRF0IAv0no=
 github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.0 h1:VSnTsYCnlFHaM2/igO1h6X3HA71jcobQuxemgkq4zYo=
 github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.0/go.mod h1:HtrtbFcZ19U5GC7JDqmcUSB87Iq5E25KnS6fMYU6eOk=
+github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.0/go.mod h1:YTl/9mNaCwkRvm6d1a2C3ymFceY/DCBVvsKhRF0iEA4=
 github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.1-0.20191026205805-5f8ba28d4473/go.mod h1:YTl/9mNaCwkRvm6d1a2C3ymFceY/DCBVvsKhRF0iEA4=
+github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.4/go.mod h1:6rpuAdCZL397s3pYoYcLgu1mIlRU8Am5FuJP05cCM98=
 github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v0.1.0/go.mod h1:iSmxcyjqTsJpI2R4NaDN7+kN2VEUnK/pcBlmesArF7c=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.6.0/go.mod h1:Zm6kSWBoL9eyXnKyktHP6abPY2pDugNf5KwzbycvMj4=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.7.0/go.mod h1:Zm6kSWBoL9eyXnKyktHP6abPY2pDugNf5KwzbycvMj4=
@@ -119,7 +146,9 @@ github.com/go-chi/chi v4.0.2+incompatible/go.mod h1:eB3wogJHnLi3x/kFX2A+IbTBlXxm
 github.com/go-critic/go-critic v0.3.5-0.20190526074819-1df300866540/go.mod h1:+sE8vrLDS2M0pZkBk0wy6+nLdKexVDrl/jBqQOTDThA=
 github.com/go-critic/go-critic v0.4.0 h1:sXD3pix0wDemuPuSlrXpJNNYXlUiKiysLrtPVQmxkzI=
 github.com/go-critic/go-critic v0.4.0/go.mod h1:7/14rZGnZbY6E38VEGk2kVhoq6itzc1E68facVDK23g=
+github.com/go-gl/glfw v0.0.0-20190409004039-e6da0acd62b1/go.mod h1:vR7hzQXu2zJy9AVAgeJqvqgH9Q5CA+iKCZ2gyEVpxRU=
 github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20191125211704-12ad95a8df72/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
+github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20200222043503-6f7a984d4dc4/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.9.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-lintpack/lintpack v0.5.2 h1:DI5mA3+eKdWeJ40nU4d6Wc26qmdG8RCi/btYq0TuRN0=
@@ -168,17 +197,34 @@ github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20190129154638-5b532d6fd5ef/go.mod h1:cIg4er
 github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20190702054246-869f871628b6/go.mod h1:cIg4eruTrX1D+g88fzRXU5OdNfaM+9IcxsU14FzY7Hc=
 github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20191227052852-215e87163ea7 h1:5ZkaAPbicIKTF2I64qf5Fh8Aa83Q/dnOafMYV0OMwjA=
 github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20191227052852-215e87163ea7/go.mod h1:cIg4eruTrX1D+g88fzRXU5OdNfaM+9IcxsU14FzY7Hc=
+github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20200121045136-8c9f03a8e57e h1:1r7pUrabqp18hOBcwBwiTsbnFeTZHV9eER/QT5JVZxY=
+github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20200121045136-8c9f03a8e57e/go.mod h1:cIg4eruTrX1D+g88fzRXU5OdNfaM+9IcxsU14FzY7Hc=
 github.com/golang/mock v1.0.0/go.mod h1:oTYuIxOrZwtPieC+H1uAHpcLFnEyAGVDL/k47Jfbm0A=
 github.com/golang/mock v1.1.1/go.mod h1:oTYuIxOrZwtPieC+H1uAHpcLFnEyAGVDL/k47Jfbm0A=
 github.com/golang/mock v1.2.0/go.mod h1:oTYuIxOrZwtPieC+H1uAHpcLFnEyAGVDL/k47Jfbm0A=
 github.com/golang/mock v1.3.1 h1:qGJ6qTW+x6xX/my+8YUVl4WNpX9B7+/l2tRsHGZ7f2s=
 github.com/golang/mock v1.3.1/go.mod h1:sBzyDLLjw3U8JLTeZvSv8jJB+tU5PVekmnlKIyFUx0Y=
+github.com/golang/mock v1.4.0/go.mod h1:UOMv5ysSaYNkG+OFQykRIcU/QvvxJf3p21QfJ2Bt3cw=
+github.com/golang/mock v1.4.1/go.mod h1:UOMv5ysSaYNkG+OFQykRIcU/QvvxJf3p21QfJ2Bt3cw=
+github.com/golang/mock v1.4.3/go.mod h1:UOMv5ysSaYNkG+OFQykRIcU/QvvxJf3p21QfJ2Bt3cw=
+github.com/golang/mock v1.4.4/go.mod h1:l3mdAwkq5BuhzHwde/uurv3sEJeZMXNpwsxVWU71h+4=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0 h1:P3YflyNX/ehuJFLhxviNdFxQPkGK5cDcApsge1SqnvM=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.1 h1:YF8+flBXS5eO826T4nzqPrxfhQThhXl0YzfuUPu4SBg=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.1/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:6nsPYzhq5kReh6QImI3k5qWzO4PEbvbIW2cwSfR/6xs=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.3/go.mod h1:vzj43D7+SQXF/4pzW/hwtAqwc6iTitCiVSaWz5lYuqw=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.4/go.mod h1:vzj43D7+SQXF/4pzW/hwtAqwc6iTitCiVSaWz5lYuqw=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.5/go.mod h1:6O5/vntMXwX2lRkT1hjjk0nAC1IDOTvTlVgjlRvqsdk=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:ceaxUfeHdC40wWswd/P6IGgMaK3YpKi5j83Wpe3EHw8=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0-rc.1.0.20200221234624-67d41d38c208/go.mod h1:xKAWHe0F5eneWXFV3EuXVDTCmh+JuBKY0li0aMyXATA=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0-rc.2/go.mod h1:LlEzMj4AhA7rCAGe4KMBDvJI+AwstrUpVNzEA03Pprs=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0-rc.4.0.20200313231945-b860323f09d0/go.mod h1:WU3c8KckQ9AFe+yFwt9sWVRKCVIyN9cPHBJSNnbL67w=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0/go.mod h1:jodUvKwWbYaEsadDk5Fwe5c77LiNKVO9IDvqG2KuDX0=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.1/go.mod h1:U8fpvMrcmy5pZrNK1lt4xCsGvpyWQ/VVv6QDs8UjoX8=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.2 h1:+Z5KGCizgyZCbGh1KZqA0fcLLkwbsjIzS4aV2v7wJX0=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.2/go.mod h1:oDoupMAO8OvCJWAcko0GGGIgR6R6ocIYbsSw735rRwI=
 github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.1 h1:Qgr9rKW7uDUkrbSmQeiDsGa8SjGyCOGtuasMWwvp2P4=
 github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.1/go.mod h1:/XxbfmMg8lxefKM7IXC3fBNl/7bRcc72aCRzEWrmP2Q=
 github.com/golangci/check v0.0.0-20180506172741-cfe4005ccda2 h1:23T5iq8rbUYlhpt5DB4XJkc6BU31uODLD1o1gKvZmD0=
@@ -227,14 +273,25 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oXzfMopK8JAjlY9xF4vHSVASa0yLyX7SntLO5a
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.0/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1 h1:Xye71clBPdm5HgqGwUkwhbynsUJZhDbS20FvLhQ2izg=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.1/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.1/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.2 h1:X2ev0eStA3AbceY54o37/0PQ/UWqKEiiO2dKL5OPaFM=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.2/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/google/martian v2.1.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:9I4somxYTbIHy5NJKHRl3wXiIaQGbYVAs8BPL6v8lEs=
+github.com/google/martian/v3 v3.0.0/go.mod h1:y5Zk1BBys9G+gd6Jrk0W3cC1+ELVxBWuIGO+w/tUAp0=
 github.com/google/monologue v0.0.0-20190606152607-4b11a32b5934/go.mod h1:6NTfaQoUpg5QmPsCUWLR3ig33FHrKXhTtWzF0DVdmuk=
 github.com/google/monologue v0.0.0-20191220140058-35abc9683a6c h1:0L/piDwninh6sjZ+vCZI7c6RA0R71ET8v1yinZzC9k8=
 github.com/google/monologue v0.0.0-20191220140058-35abc9683a6c/go.mod h1:6NTfaQoUpg5QmPsCUWLR3ig33FHrKXhTtWzF0DVdmuk=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20181206194817-3ea8567a2e57/go.mod h1:zfwlbNMJ+OItoe0UupaVj+oy1omPYYDuagoSzA8v9mc=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20190515194954-54271f7e092f/go.mod h1:zfwlbNMJ+OItoe0UupaVj+oy1omPYYDuagoSzA8v9mc=
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 github.com/google/renameio v0.1.0/go.mod h1:KWCgfxg9yswjAJkECMjeO8J8rahYeXnNhOm40UhjYkI=
 github.com/google/trillian v1.2.2-0.20190612132142-05461f4df60a/go.mod h1:YPmUVn5NGwgnDUgqlVyFGMTgaWlnSvH7W5p+NdOG8UA=
 github.com/google/trillian-examples v0.0.0-20190603134952-4e75ba15216c/go.mod h1:WgL3XZ3pA8/9cm7yxqWrZE6iZkESB2ItGxy5Fo6k2lk=
@@ -285,6 +342,7 @@ github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.8/go.mod h1:KdQUCv79m/52Kvf8AW2vK1V8akMuk1QjK/u
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.9 h1:9yzud/Ht36ygwatGx56VwCZtlI/2AD15T1X2sjSuGns=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.9/go.mod h1:KdQUCv79m/52Kvf8AW2vK1V8akMuk1QjK/uOdHXbAo4=
 github.com/jstemmer/go-junit-report v0.0.0-20190106144839-af01ea7f8024/go.mod h1:6v2b51hI/fHJwM22ozAgKL4VKDeJcHhJFhtBdhmNjmU=
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 github.com/jstemmer/go-junit-report v0.9.1/go.mod h1:Brl9GWCQeLvo8nXZwPNNblvFj/XSXhF0NWZEnDohbsk=
 github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:QJZ7F/aHp+rZTRtaJ1ow/lLfFfVYBRgL+9YlvaHOwJU=
 github.com/juju/ansiterm v0.0.0-20180109212912-720a0952cc2a h1:FaWFmfWdAUKbSCtOU2QjDaorUexogfaMgbipgYATUMU=
@@ -526,6 +584,10 @@ github.com/valyala/tcplisten v0.0.0-20161114210144-ceec8f93295a/go.mod h1:v3UYOV
 github.com/weppos/publicsuffix-go v0.4.0/go.mod h1:z3LCPQ38eedDQSwmsSRW4Y7t2L8Ln16JPQ02lHAdn5k=
 github.com/xiang90/probing v0.0.0-20190116061207-43a291ad63a2/go.mod h1:UETIi67q53MR2AWcXfiuqkDkRtnGDLqkBTpCHuJHxtU=
 github.com/xordataexchange/crypt v0.0.3-0.20170626215501-b2862e3d0a77/go.mod h1:aYKd//L2LvnjZzWKhF00oedf4jCCReLcmhLdhm1A27Q=
+github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.25/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
+github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
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 github.com/zmap/rc2 v0.0.0-20131011165748-24b9757f5521/go.mod h1:3YZ9o3WnatTIZhuOtot4IcUfzoKVjUHqu6WALIyI0nE=
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 github.com/zmap/zcertificate v0.0.0-20180516150559-0e3d58b1bac4/go.mod h1:5iU54tB79AMBcySS0R2XIyZBAVmeHranShAFELYx7is=
@@ -540,6 +602,9 @@ go.opencensus.io v0.21.0/go.mod h1:mSImk1erAIZhrmZN+AvHh14ztQfjbGwt4TtuofqLduU=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.0/go.mod h1:+kGneAE2xo2IficOXnaByMWTGM9T73dGwxeWcUqIpI8=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.2 h1:75k/FF0Q2YM8QYo07VPddOLBslDt1MZOdEslOHvmzAs=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.2/go.mod h1:yxeiOL68Rb0Xd1ddK5vPZ/oVn4vY4Ynel7k9FzqtOIw=
+go.opencensus.io v0.22.3/go.mod h1:yxeiOL68Rb0Xd1ddK5vPZ/oVn4vY4Ynel7k9FzqtOIw=
+go.opencensus.io v0.22.4 h1:LYy1Hy3MJdrCdMwwzxA/dRok4ejH+RwNGbuoD9fCjto=
+go.opencensus.io v0.22.4/go.mod h1:yxeiOL68Rb0Xd1ddK5vPZ/oVn4vY4Ynel7k9FzqtOIw=
 go.step.sm/crypto v0.0.0-20200805202904-ec18b6df3cf0 h1:FymMl8TrXGxFf80BWpO0CnkSfLnw0BkDdRrhbMGf5zE=
 go.step.sm/crypto v0.0.0-20200805202904-ec18b6df3cf0/go.mod h1:8VYxmvSKt5yOTBx3MGsD2Gk4F1Es/3FIxrjnfeYWE8U=
 go.step.sm/crypto v0.1.1 h1:xg3kUS30hEnwgbxtKwq9a4MJaeiU616HSug60LU9B2E=
@@ -566,6 +631,7 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8U
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191227163750-53104e6ec876/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200414173820-0848c9571904 h1:bXoxMPcSLOq08zI3/c5dEBT6lE4eh+jOh886GHrn6V8=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200414173820-0848c9571904/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
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 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200709230013-948cd5f35899 h1:DZhuSZLsGlFL4CmhA8BcRA0mnthyA/nZ00AqCUo7vHg=
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 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200728195943-123391ffb6de h1:ikNHVSjEfnvz6sxdSPCaPt572qowuyMDMJLLm3Db3ig=
@@ -574,7 +640,12 @@ golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL
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@@ -585,11 +656,18 @@ golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20190409202823-959b441ac422/go.mod h1:6SW0HCj/g11FgYtHl
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@@ -608,23 +686,42 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190522155817-f3200d17e092/go.mod h1:HSz+uSET+XFnRR8LxR
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@@ -723,16 +885,61 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190801165951-fa694d86fc64/go.mod h1:DMBHOl98
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